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01/04/2026

Terms of Reference for the Selection of a Researcher

Please click here for the full TOR

We are initiating a research paper on electoral systems in the Arab region. Electoral systems are a key component of democratic governance because they

.determine how votes are translated into political representation and how citizens participate in elections

Across the Arab region, electoral systems have developed in different ways in response to political reforms, social changes, and institutional development

particularly after the Arab uprisings. However, these systems still differ widely in their structure, implementation, and political impact

This research paper aims to provide an overview of electoral systems in selected Arab countries, focusing on Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq as case studies. These countries use different electoral models and operate in different political and institutional contexts. Studying their experiences can help explain how electoral system design affects political representation, participation, accountability, and democratic processes in the region

The study will examine the structure of electoral systems in these countries, the reforms they have introduced, and the main challenges they face. These challenges include issues related to political representation, fairness in elections, political competition, and public trust in electoral processes

Please click here for the full ToR